聖經地理專文

大衛之星的由來(Star of David

張百路編譯/呂榮輝教授校稿

資料來源:www.aish.com

大衛之星

有關大衛之星的由來,許多學者有不同的觀點,網路上也有各種不同的說法。以下是來自www.aish.com網站【譯註1】猶太拉比的解釋,提供給各位做參考。

【譯註1www.aish.com是一個猶太資訊的網站,其中包括猶太人的風俗、民情、節慶等資料及說明。網站中有一個開放平台,是由猶太拉比回答網友所提問有關猶太人的事務。

Q: Why does the Jewish star have six points? The Encyclopedia of Judaica explained it is from King David's time, and that it was shaped like the hexagon. This answer did not sit well with me. Perhaps you have other sources that explains it better?

問:為什麼猶太之星有六個角?猶太百科全書(The Encyclopedia of Judaica)的解釋是,這符號從大衛王時期就已經存在,它的形狀如同一個六角形。這樣的回答並不能讓我完全滿意。請問拉比有更好的解釋嗎?

A: The Aish Rabbi Replies: 以下是網站拉比的回答:

In modern times, the Star of David has become a premier Jewish symbol. This six-pointed star (hexagram), made of two interlocking triangles, can be found on mezuzahs, menorahs, tallis bags and kippahs. Ambulances in Israel bear the sign of the "Red Star of David," and the flag of Israel has a blue Star of David planted squarely in the center.

在現今世代,大衛之星已成為猶太人的主要象徵。這個六角星(幾何學上的六線形),由兩個互相環扣的三角形所組成,在猶太人的門框匣(mezuzahs),七燈臺(menorahs),祈禱披巾(tallis)及圓頂帽(kippahs)上面,都可以看到這個圖案。以色列的救護車上面,也有紅色的大衛之星符號;現今以色列的國旗,則是將藍色的大衛之星放在正中央。

以色列國旗上面的大衛之星

What is the origin of this six-pointed symbol?這個六角星最初的象徵為何?

Through the Jewish people's long and often difficult history, we have come to the realization that our only hope is to place our trust in God. The six points of the Star of David symbolize God's rule over the universe in all six directions: north, south, east, west, up and down.

經過猶太民族漫長及經常處於患難的歷史,我們終於覺悟到,猶太民族唯一的希望,就是對上帝的信仰。大衛之星的六個點,象徵著上帝對宇宙統治的六個方向:東,西,南,北,上和下。

Originally, the Hebrew name Magen David -- literally "Shield of David" -- poetically referred to God. It acknowledges that our military hero, King David, did not win by his own might, but by the support of the Almighty. This is also alluded to in the third blessing after the Haftorah reading on Shabbat: "Blessed are you God, Shield of David."

其實,「Magen David」這個希伯來名詞原本字面的意思就是「大衛的盾牌」,這個名詞非常巧妙地將上帝隱喻其中。它表示,我們的軍事英雄大衛王,並不是靠自己的力量得勝,而是倚靠全能上帝的力量。這也就是為什麼我們在安息日朗誦哈夫妥拉(Haftorah)【譯註2】後的第三個祝福,是這麼說的:保護你的是上帝,大衛的盾牌」Blessed are you God, Shield of David

【譯註2】哈夫妥拉(Haftorah):猶太人在每個安息日,於猶太會堂閱讀妥拉後,從先知書中選讀一段簡短的經文,稱為哈夫妥拉。

Various other explanations exist on the meaning behind the Star of David.一些其他有關大衛之星的解釋

One idea is that a six-pointed star receives form and substance from its solid center. This inner core represents the spiritual dimension, surrounded by the six universal directions. (A similar idea applies to Shabbat -- the seventh day which gives balance and perspective to the six weekdays.)

另一個想法是,六角星的六個角,是從它堅實的中心接收形狀和本質。六角星的中心代表了靈性層面,被宇宙的六個方向包圍安息日也是一個類似的想法第七日的安息是為了六個工作日的調息和省思。

In Kabbalah, the two triangles represent the dichotomies inherent in man: good vs. evil, spiritual vs. physical, etc. The two triangles may also represent the reciprocal relationship between the Jewish people and God. The triangle pointing "up" symbolizes our good deeds which go up to heaven, and then activate a flow of goodness back down to the world, symbolized by the triangle pointing down.

猶太教卡巴拉(Kabbalah)【譯註3】則認為這兩個三角形代表了傳統的人類二分法:善與惡精神與肉體,等等。兩個三角形也可能代表猶太人和上帝之間的關係。向上的三角形象徵著我們的善行可以直達天堂,向下的三角形則象徵著我們的善行驅動一股向下的善流回到人間【關於猶太人以善行驅動恩賜的概念請看譯註4】。

【譯註3】卡巴拉(Kabbalah,希伯來語:קַבָּלָה,字面意思是「接受/傳承」)是與猶太教的神秘觀點有關的一種訓練課程。這是一套隱密的教材,用來解釋永恆而神秘的造物主與短暫而有限的宇宙之間的關係。雖然它被許多教派所引用,但它本身並未形成一個宗派,而僅僅是傳統猶太教典之內的一種類別的經典。猶太教中稱傳統的卡巴拉主義者為「Mekubal」(希伯來語:מְקוּבָל)。與猶太教哲學形成猶太教神學的兩大面向。卡巴拉旨在界定宇宙和人類的本質、存在目的的本質,以及其他各種本體論問題。它也提供方法來幫助理解這些概念和精神,從而達到精神上的實現。卡巴拉剛發展時,完全屬於猶太人的思想領域,也經常以傳統猶太思想來解釋和說明其深奧的學說。這些學說因而被卡巴拉人士用來描述《塔納赫》(希伯來聖經)和傳統的拉比文獻,並解釋猶太教儀式的涵義(資料來源:維基百科)

【譯註4】這裡所說兩個三角形的象徵,是基於猶太教的「律法主義」:人必須先遵行律法,上帝才會賜下恩典。正如申命記309節所說:「你若聽從耶和華你神的話,謹守這律法書上所寫的誡命、律例,又盡心盡性歸向耶和華你的神,他必使你手裏所辦的一切事,並你身所生的、牲畜所下的、地土所產的,都綽綽有餘。因為耶和華必再喜悅你,降福與你,像從前喜悅你列祖一樣」。但是新約以後,上帝賜下祂的獨生愛子為世人的罪作了挽回祭,我們只要信就可以白白地得到恩典所以保羅說:人稱義是因著信,不在乎遵行律法(羅3:28)。並且說你們得救是本乎恩,也因著信這並不是出於自己,乃是神所賜的2:8)。

A more practical theory is that during the Bar Kokhba rebellion (first century), a new technology was developed for shields using the inherent stability of the triangle. Behind the shield were two interlocking triangles, forming a hexagonal pattern of support points.

一個更實際的理論是,第一世紀的猶太大祭司「巴可巴抗」Bar Kokhba Revolt【譯註4】時,他們利用三角形的內在穩定性研發出一種新的技術來製造盾牌。盾牌的背面有兩個環環相扣的三角形,形成一個堅固的六邊形圖案支撐面。

【譯註4】哈德良(Hardrian)在主曆117年繼位為羅馬皇帝。132年,哈德良下令禁行割禮、禁守安息日、禁讀猶太律法,並在耶路撒冷的聖墓遺址上蓋了一座丘比特(Jupiter)神廟,引起猶太人的第二次起義,史稱「巴可巴反抗」(Bar Kokhba Revolt)。

One cynical suggestion is that the Star of David is an appropriate symbol for the internal strife that often afflicts Jewish nation: two triangles pointing in opposite directions!

另一個比較偏激的說法則是,大衛之星根本就是一個代表經常折磨猶太民族內部衝突的符號因為:這兩個三角形指向完全相反的方向!

The Star of David was a sad symbol of the Holocaust, when the Nazis forced Jews to wear an identifying yellow star. Actually, Jews were forced to wear special badges during the Middle Ages, both by Muslim and Christian authorities, and even in Israel under the Ottoman Empire.

在大屠殺期間,當納粹強迫猶太人佩戴黃色的六角星來識別身分時,大衛之星代表的是一個悲哀的記號。實際上,在中世紀時,猶太人在穆斯林和基督教執政當局的命令下,也曾被迫佩戴特殊的徽章,甚至在近代鄂圖曼帝國統治下的以色列地區也是一樣。

So whether it is a blue star waving proudly on a flag, or a gold star adorning a synagogue's entrance, the Star of David stands as a reminder that for the Jewish people... in God we trust.

所以,無論是現在以色列國旗上驕傲地揮舞著的藍星,或是在猶太會堂門口裝飾的金星,大衛之星隨時都提醒著猶太人我們信奉上帝。

資料來源 : www.aish.com
刊登日期 : 2015/04/07